Towards late Renaissance

Construction work continues with Cardinal Marco Barbo: the palace becomes one of the wonders of Rome, visited by tourists and diplomats, artists and writers

The role of Marco Barbo

At the death of Paul II, in 1471, the great building site was still far from being completed. The task of continuing the work fell to his family member, Cardinal Marco Barbo (1420-1491), who had already taken over as titular of the Basilica of San Marco four years earlier. The coats of arms of Barbo junior, who resided in the trapezoidal apartment located inside the viridarium, can still be admired today in many areas of the building. 

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Portrait of Cardinal Marco Barbo in a fresco in the Patriarch's Palace of Udine

Portrait of Cardinal Marco Barbo in a fresco in the Patriarch's Palace of Udine

Basin with the crest of Cardinal Marco Barbo, kept at the Museum of Palazzo Venezia

Basin with the crest of Cardinal Marco Barbo, kept at the Museum of Palazzo Venezia

The Barbo crest on the tower of Palazzo Venezia in a photograph from 1910-1911

The Barbo crest on the tower of Palazzo Venezia in a photograph from 1910-1911

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Piazza San Marco, the basilica of Saint Mark, the Palazzetto and the tower in a watercolour by Jean Victor Nicolle from 1787-1789, now in the collection of the Albertina Museum of ViennaThe 18th-century layout of the complex probably wasn’t too different from the Renaissance floor plan

Piazza San Marco, the basilica of Saint Mark, the Palazzetto and the tower in a watercolour by Jean Victor Nicolle from 1787-1789, now in the collection of the Albertina Museum of Vienna
The 18th-century layout of the complex probably wasn’t too different from the Renaissance floor plan

Piazza San Marco in a Parker photograph from circa 1850

Piazza San Marco in a Parker photograph from circa 1850

Cardinal Lorenzo Cybo de Mari

The death of Cardinal Marco ended the Barbo era in the palace. The baton passed on to Lorenzo Cybo de Mari (c. 1450-1503). Lorenzo was born from the extramarital affair that the Genoese nobleman Domenico Mari had with a Spanish woman: the second surname was given to him by Giovanni Battista Cybo who, once he became pope as Innocent VIII (1484-1498), favoured his ecclesiastical career, among other things, by appointing him as the titular of the Basilica of San Marco in March 1491.

Colossal bust known as Madama Lucrezia, on the Renaissance pedestal is the crest of Lorenzo Mari Cybo, in a drawing by Maarten van Heemskerck from 1532-1534, Berlin State Museums

Colossal bust known as Madama Lucrezia, on the Renaissance pedestal is the crest of Lorenzo Mari Cybo, in a drawing by Maarten van Heemskerck from 1532-1534, Berlin State Museums

Once he had moved to the palace, Cardinal Lorenzo had the Sala del Mappamondo completed and had built the apartment along Via del Plebiscito, which still bears his name. The cardinal was also responsible for the placement of Madama Lucrezia, a colossal bust of the classical era from the Iseum Campense. Madama Lucrezia, together with Pasquino, was one of the famous 'talking statues' of Rome: even today it is possible to admire it to the left of the southern entrance of the building, in the square of San Marco.

Colossal bust of Isis, called Madama Lucrezia, which originally stood in a temple dedicated to the Egyptian goddess in the Campus Martius, later placed outside the entryway on Piazza San Marco

Colossal bust of Isis, called Madama Lucrezia, which originally stood in a temple dedicated to the Egyptian goddess in the Campus Martius, later placed outside the entryway on Piazza San Marco

A palace of artists

By the end of the fifteenth century the palace had already become one of the most beautiful and important buildings in Rome, capable of attracting travellers, writers and artists. The presence of the Bolognese painter Amico Aspertini (1474-1552), on a training trip to the city, was placed between 1496 and 1498 during the time of Cardinal Mari Cybo. The artist had an extraordinary passion for classical reliefs, which he used to copy on drawings. On this occasion he was attracted by a bas-relief depicting an ancient sacrifice, which was then inside the viridarium: his drawing, now preserved in the British Museum in London, bears the writing “in lo g[i]ardino de sancto marco (in San Marco’s garden)”.

Drawing by Amico Aspertini depicting (at top) a relief with a sacrificial scene, British Museum, London

Drawing by Amico Aspertini depicting (at top) a relief with a sacrificial scene, British Museum, London

The age of Cardinal Domenico Grimani

The eldest son of the future doge Antonio Grimani (1434-1523), Domenico (1461-1524) embarked on a brilliant ecclesiastical career, which culminated in his appointment as cardinal, obtained at the hand of Pope Alexander VI Borgia (1492-1503) in exchange for the truly remarkable sum of 30,000 ducats. A graduate of the University of Padua and with an excellent cultural background, Grimani was one of the most eminent literati of his time. His entrance to the palace dates back to 1503, together with the appointment as titular cardinal of the Basilica of San Marco. The next twenty years corresponded to a further leap forward of the building in the field of literature and the arts. 

Portrait of Cardinal Domenico Grimani in a painting by Lorenzo Lotto, Schorr Collection (UK)

Portrait of Cardinal Domenico Grimani in a painting by Lorenzo Lotto, Schorr Collection (UK)

The Grimani collection

Cardinal Domenico Grimani also distinguished himself as a collector of books, art objects and antiques. The library, which already had several thousand volumes, was enriched in 1498 by the 15,000 bought from the heirs of the humanist Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494). His collection also included paintings of extraordinary value, attributed to artists such as Hieronymus Bosch, Giorgione and Raphael. 

Banquet in January from the Grimani Breviary, Marciana Library in Venice

Banquet in January from the Grimani Breviary, Marciana Library in Venice

As the sources recall, including Francesco Albertini, a large part of the collection was housed in the Roman palace of San Marco, later migrating by will to his beloved Republic of Venice. This possibly occurred with the so-called Grimani Breviary, a Flemish illuminated manuscript from the second decade of the sixteenth century, now in the Marciana Library. As for the precious collection of classical finds, it would later become the founding core of the National Archaeological Museum of Venice.

February in the Grimani Breviary, now in the collection of the Marciana Library in Venice (obverse and reverse)

February in the Grimani Breviary, now in the collection of the Marciana Library in Venice (obverse and reverse)

A long procession of illustrious guests

Grimani's personality and his spectacular collection contributed to give prestige to the palace, which continued to capture the interest of the main visitors to the city. On 5th May 1505 - we read in the Diaries of the Venetian historian Marin Sanudo - the cardinal welcomed here the ambassadors of the Serenissima. As they walked through the various rooms, the guests were amazed by the study adjacent to his bedroom which was filled with books and classical sculptures: several had come to light during the excavation work that the prelate had carried out to build his villa on the slopes of Monte Cavallo, later incorporated into the perimeter of the current Quirinale gardens and palace. 

The Grimani Ulysses found on the slopes of the Quirinal Hill, now part of the collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Venice

The Grimani Ulysses found on the slopes of the Quirinal Hill, now part of the collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Venice

Four years later it was the turn of Erasmus from Rotterdam (1466/69-1536). The Dutch humanist was at the end of his stay in the Peninsula, which began in 1506 and had been spent mostly in Turin, Bologna and Venice. One of the reasons that had guided him to Italy was the desire to improve his knowledge of classical languages and to buy books and manuscripts. Arriving in Rome in early 1509, Erasmus went to visit the palace of San Marco, perhaps in the company of Pietro Bembo (1470-1547): he was able to admire the collection and above all the library of Cardinal Grimani, about which he would later compose words of admiration. 

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Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam by Hans Holbein the Younger, National Gallery of London

Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam by Hans Holbein the Younger, National Gallery of London

Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Bembo in a painting by Titian, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Bembo in a painting by Titian, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.